S1 is a distal subunit that is composed of 672 amino acids (14–685) residues. The total recovery rates are estimated to be ~ 98% with 2% death rates. At the time of writing and as per the global statistics, 188,332,972 M are currently confirmed cases, while serious COVID-19 conditions constitute 0.6%, and the remaining 99.4% are relatively mild. Due to the rapidly increased number of SARS-CoV-2 cases, it was declared by the WHO as a global pandemic. Unfortunately, asymptomatic patients can contribute to viral transmission. Severe cases that are reported with high-risk individuals include respiratory failure and systemic inflammation, which in turn, can lead to further tragic consequences including multi-organ damage. People infected with SARS-CoV-2 may experience mild to moderate flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, diarrhea, and shortness of breath as the most common symptoms. The spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) constitute the structural proteins of the virus. The virus is made up of several structural and non-structural proteins each responsible for a particular step in viral infectivity and transmission. It was initially transmitted from bats through an intermediate host to humans. This virus has emerged in China, particularly in Wuhan, where several severe pneumonia cases were detected in December 2019. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus referred to as SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus possessing a positive-sense single-stranded RNA of approximately 30 Kb length. However, they may potentially reduce or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to a significant reduction of the global health burden of this pandemic. The efficacy and safety of these therapeutic compounds and vaccines are still controversial. ConclusionĪ better understanding of S protein features, structure and mutations facilitate the recognition of the importance of SARS-CoV-2 S protein in viral infection, as well as the development of therapies and vaccines. Furthermore, several vaccines utilizing the S protein were developed. Additionally, neutralizing antibodies were recently approved for emergency use. A considerable number of potential natural and synthetic therapies were proposed based on S protein. The data indicate that S protein subunits and their variable conformational states significantly affect the virus pathogenesis, infectivity, and evolutionary mutation. MethodologyĪ literature review was conducted to summarize, analyze, and interpret the available scientific data related to SARS-CoV-2 S protein in terms of characteristics, vaccines development and potential therapies. The objectives of this study are to investigate the distinctive structural features of SARS-CoV-2 S protein, its essential role in pathogenesis, and its use in the development of potential therapies and vaccines. Coronaviruses are distinguished by a clove-like spike (S) protein, which plays a key role in viral pathogenesis, evolutions, and transmission. COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a result of infection by the deadly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing enormous threats to humans.
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